1. 细胞的基础信息

2. 细胞常见的研究有哪些？

a) 研究细胞在不同环境下的增值与分化

b) 药物治疗细胞机制的研究

c) 建立细胞模型

d) 药物诱导细胞凋亡

e) 抑制细胞肌源性发育的方式

3. 细胞相关的文献有哪些？

[1] 郝羚伦,张艳,彭梦薇,等.六君子汤改善肿瘤环境下C2C12成肌细胞分化的分子机制[J/OL].中华中医

药学刊:1-13[2024-06-11].（研究六君子汤改善肿瘤环境下C2C12成肌细胞分化的分子机制，为健脾和胃法治疗肿瘤恶病质肌肉萎缩提供实验基础。方法：诱导成肌细胞C2C12分化，倒置显微镜观察分化后肌管长度；成肌细胞C2C12与肺癌细胞Lewis共培养，分为空白组、模型组、叉头框蛋白O1（Forkhead box protein O1，FoxO1）抑制剂组、六君子汤组、联合用药组，蛋白免疫印迹法（Western Blot，WB）检测C2C12细胞成肌分化抗原（myogenic differentiation antigen，MyoD)的表达及与过氧化物酶体增殖物受体γ辅助激活因子α（Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha，PGC-1）/FoxO1通路相关的蛋白表达；电子显微镜观察C2C12细胞线粒体数量及超微结构的变化；流式细胞术(flow cytometry,FCM)观测C2C12细胞线粒体膜电位的变化；实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative Real-time PCR，qPCR)法检测C2C12细胞PGC-1/FoxO1通路相关分子mRNA。结果：C2C12细胞于分化48 h肌管横径最长；与空白组比，模型组C2C12细胞MyOD蛋白表达明显减少（P＜0.05），线粒体数量减少（P<0.05），线粒体双层膜皱曲不清晰甚至呈C形或基质肿胀，线粒体嵴数量减少、排列紊乱、断裂或溶解消失成空泡状，线粒体膜电位降低，细胞凋亡率显著升高（P＜0.05），线粒体转录因子A（mitochondrial transcription factor A，tFAM）的mRNA表达明显降低（P＜0.05），FoxO1蛋白表达明显增高，PGC-1、脂肪和肥胖相关基因(Fat mass and obesity-associated gene，FTO)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mammalian target of rapamycin，mTOR）、tFAM 蛋白表达明显减少（P＜0.05）；与模型组比，六君子汤组C2C12细胞MyOD蛋白表达明显增高，FoxO1 抑制剂组、六君子汤组、联合用药组中C2C12细胞线粒体数量显著增多（P<0.05），线粒体双层膜结构正常，线粒体膜电位升高，细胞凋亡率显著降低（P＜0.05），联合用药组C2C12细胞mTOR和tFAM mRNA表达明显增加（P＜0.05），FoxO1抑制剂组、六君子汤组及联合用药组中C2C12细胞FoxO1蛋白表达明显减少，PGC-1、FTO、mTOR、tFAM蛋白表达明显增高（P＜0.05）；与六君子汤组比，联合用药组C2C12细胞PGC-1蛋白表达升高（P＜0.05）。结论：六君子汤通过调控PGC-1/FoxO1信号通路，能维持线粒体功能，改善肿瘤环境下成肌细胞分化）

[2] Wong CY, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. C2C12 cell model: its role in understanding of insulin resistance at the molecular level and pharmaceutical development at the preclinical stage. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2020 Dec;72(12):1667-1693.

(The myoblast cell line, C2C12, has been utilised extensively in vitro as an examination model in understanding metabolic disease progression. Although it is indispensable in both preclinical and pharmaceutical research, a comprehensive review of its use in the investigation of insulin resistance progression and pharmaceutical development is not available. C2C12 is a well-documented model, which can facilitate our understanding in glucose metabolism, insulin signalling mechanism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species and glucose transporters at cellular and molecular levels. With the aid of the C2C12 model, recent studies revealed that insulin resistance has close relationship with various metabolic diseases in terms of disease progression, pathogenesis and therapeutic management. A holistic, safe and effective disease management is highly of interest. Therefore, significant efforts have been paid to explore novel drug compounds and natural herbs that can elicit therapeutic effects in the targeted sites at both cellular (e.g. mitochondria, glucose transporter) and molecular level (e.g. genes, signalling pathway). The use of C2C12 myoblast cell line is meaningful in pharmaceutical and biomedical research due to their expression of GLUT-4 and other features that are representative to human skeletal muscle cells. With the use of the C2C12 cell model, the impact of drug delivery systems (nanoparticles and quantum dots) on skeletal muscle, as well as the relationship between exercise, pancreatic β-cells and endothelial cells, was discovered.